List of active separatist movements in Europe

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession, though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

1. They are active movements with active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
  • Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.

Albania

In 2024, Edi Rama, the Prime Minister of Albania, announced plans to create an independent European microstate enclaved within Tirana to serve as a headquarters for the Bektashi Order with Baba Mondi as the head of state. The proposed state, called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order, would require approval from the Parliament of Albania and an amendment to the Constitution of Albania to declare independence.

Azerbaijan

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

• People: Talysh people
  • Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan or independence.
    • Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
    • Government in exile: Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Belgium

Autonomist movements

 Flanders

• People: Flemish
  • Autonomous area: Flanders
    • Movements: Flemish Movement

 Wallonia

• People: Walloons
  • Autonomous area: Wallonia
    • Movements: Walloon Movement

East Belgium

• People: German-speaking Community of Belgium
  • Proposed Autonomous Area: Eupen-Malmedy
    • Political Parties: ProDG

Secessionist movements

 Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes  Brussels-Capital Region)

• People: Flemish
  • Proposed state:  Flanders, or unification with the  Netherlands
    • Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
    • Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen, Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost

 Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes  Brussels-Capital Region)

• People: Walloons
  • Proposed state: Unification with  France
    • Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Secessionist movements

 Republika Srpska

• People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Proposed: independence or unification with  Serbia
    • Political organisation: National Assembly of Republika Srpska (Government of Republika Srpska)
    • Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party

Autonomist movements

Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia

• People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Proposed state:  Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union

Croatia

Autonomist movements

Istria County

• People: Istrians (Croats, Istrian Italians, Istro-Romanians, and Istriot-speakers)
  • Proposed: Autonomy for Istria within Croatia
    • Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly (factions, not officially)

 Dalmatia

• Ethnic group: Croats of Dalmatia
  • Proposed: autonomy for  Dalmatia
    • Political Party: Dalmatian Action (2021)

 Rijeka

• Ethnic group: Croats
  • proposed: autonomy for  Rijeka
    • Political party: Lista za Rijeku – Lista per Fiume

 Primorje-Gorski Kotar County

• Ethnic group: Croats
  • Proposed: autonomy for  Primorje-Gorski Kotar
    • Political party: Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar

Cyprus

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus

• People: Turkish Cypriots
  • De facto state:  Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
    • Proposed state: federation with  Cyprus, unification with  Turkey or recognition of Northern Cyprus
    • Government: Government of Northern Cyprus
    • Armed forces: Security Forces Command

Czechia

 Moravia

• Proposition: Greater autonomy for Moravia or outright independence
  • People: Moravians
  • Political party: Moravané, Moravian Land Movement

 Liberec Region

• Proposition: autonomy for  Liberec Region
  • People: Czechs
  • Political party: Mayors for the Liberec Region

Denmark

 Faroe Islands

• People: Faroese
  • Proposed state:  Faroe Islands or autonomy
    • Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party

Minor Movements

Bornholm

• Proposed state: Bornholm
  • Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party (defunct c.2021)

Finland

 Åland

• People: Åland Swedes
  • Proposed state:  Åland
    • Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)

France

Secessionist movements

French Basque Country/ Pyrénées-Atlantiques

• People: Basque
  • Proposed state: unification with the Basque Country and  Navarre – Euskal Herria as an independent state or autonomy.
    • Political parties: Euskal Herria Bai, Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
    • Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
    • Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
    • Militant organisations: Irrintzi

Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and  Loire-Atlantique

• People: Bretons
  • Proposed state or autonomous region:  Brittany
    • Advocacy groups: Celtic League
    • Political parties: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Brittany Movement and Progress, Young Bretons Movement
    • Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)

 Corsica

• People: Corsicans
  • Proposed state or autonomous region:  Corsica
    • Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
    • Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica

French Flanders

• People: Flemings
  • Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the  Netherlands (separatist) or  Belgium (autonomist)
    • Political party: Flemish movement

 Provence

• People: Provençals (Occitans)
  • Proposed state: Provence or autonomy
    • Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença
    • Political party: Prouvènço Nacioun

Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales

• People: Northern Catalans
  • Proposed state:  Catalonia or unification with  Catalan Countries (Spain)
    • Political parties: Esquerra Republicana- Catalunya del Nord, Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist), Popular Unity Candidacy
    • Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència, Òmnium Catalunya Nord
    • Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord)

Savoy

• Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."
• Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato
• Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa

Etat Pied-Noir

• Ethnic group: Pieds-Noirs
• Political party: Etat Pied-Noir
• Status: Active (Established in 2016)
• Proposed state: The federation of the two shores^

 Limousin

• Ethnic group: people of Limousin
  • Proposed state:  Limousin
    • Political party: Communauté révolutionnaire indépendante limousine

Autonomist movements

 Alsace

• People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
  • Proposed autonomous area:  Alsace
    • Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Alsatian Alternative, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member)

Normandy

• People: Normans
  • Proposed autonomous area: Normandy
    • Political party: Mouvement Normand

Savoy

• People: Savoyans
  • Proposed autonomous area: Savoy
    • Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)

 Occitania

• People: Occitans
  • Proposed autonomous area:  Occitania
    • Political parties: Partit Occitan (EFA member), Occitan Nationalist Party, Assemblada Occitana, Libertat

Franche Comté

• Proposed autonomous area: Franche Comté
  • Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté, Yes Franche-Comté
    • militant organization: Franche-Comtât Abada!

 Alpes-Maritimes

• Proposed: reestablishment of the  County of Nice
  • Political party: Ligue pour la restauration des libertés niçoises, Parti niçois

 Picardy

• Proposed autonomous area: Picardy
  • Political party: Picardie Debout!

 Lorraine

• Ethnic group: Lorrainians
  • Proposed: autonomy for  Lorraine
  • Political party: Parti Lorrain

Georgia

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

• People: Abkhazians
  • De facto state:  Abkhazia (recognized by 5 UN members)
  • Proposition: Recognition of Abkhazia as an independent state.
    • Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
    • Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

• People: Ossetians
  • De facto state:  South Ossetia (recognized by 5 UN members)
  • Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia
    • Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
    • Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia

Javakheti

• Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
  • Proposed: Autonomy for the region Javakhk (Javakheti)
  • Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance

Germany

Bavaria

• People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Free State of Bavaria
    • Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)

 Saxony

• People: Upper Saxons, Saxons
• Proposed state or autonomous area: Saxony
  • Political party: Free Saxony

 Lusatia

• People: Sorbs
  • Proposed state or autonomous area:  Lusatia
    • Political party: Lusatian Alliance
    • Non-governmental organization: Domowina

 East Frisia

• Proposed autonomous area:  East Frisia
  • Ethnic group: Frisians
  • Political party: Die Friesen (former EFA member)

 Franconia

• Proposed autonomous region: Franconia
  • Political party: Party for Franconia

Hungary

Romani

• Ethnic group: Romani people in Hungary
  • Proposed state: Creation of an autonomous Romastan province in northeastern Hungary
  • Political party: Opre Roma Democratic People's Party

Italy

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

• People: Friulians
  • Proposed state: Friuli
    • Political parties:
      • Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan, Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,
      • Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy

Lombardy

• Proposed state: Republic of Lombardy or autonomy.
  • Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda
  • Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda

Northern Italy

• Proposed state: Padania
  • Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North
  • Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly), Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union

Southern Italy

• Proposed state: Mezzogiorno, Meridione, Magna Graecia, or Due Sicilie
  • Political parties (autonomist): We the South, Great South, Movement for Autonomy Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South,
  • Political parties (secessionist): Lega Sud Ausonia

 Sicily

• People: Sicilians
  • Proposed state: Sicily
    • Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians Movement for Autonomy
    • Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians
    • Advocacy groups: Sicilian National Front, Sicilia Nazione, Sicilian National Liberation Movement.

 South Tyrol

• Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for  South Tyrol or unification with  Tyrol in  Austria
  • Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)

 Savoy

• Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."
• Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato
• Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa

 Tuscany

• Ethnic group: Tuscans
  • Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for  Tuscany
  • Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement, Toscano Stato

 Veneto

• Proposed state: Republic of Venice or autonomy
  • Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy
  • Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
  • youth organization: Independentist Youth
  • National Liberation Movement (Self-determination): Venetian National Liberation Movement

 Trieste

• Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste
  • Advocacy group: Movement for the Independence of the Free Territory of Trieste

 Aosta Valley

• Proposition: Greater autonomy for Aosta
  • Political party: Valdostan Union

 Sardinia

• Ethnic group: Sardinian people
  • Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for  Sardinia.
  • Advocacy groups: Canton Marittimo
  • Political parties: Sardinian Action Party

Romagna

• Ethnic group: Romagnol people
  • Proposal: divide of Romagna from  Emilia-Romagna
  • Political party: Movement for the Autonomy of Romagna, Lega Romagna

Lithuania

Samogitia

• Ethnic group: Samogitians
  • Proposed autonomous region: Samogitia
    • Political party: Samogitian Party

Malta

Gozo

• People: Gozitans
  • Proposed autonomous area: Gozo
    • Political organisation: People's Party (Malta), Gozo Party (Defunct)

Moldova

Breakaway state

 Transnistria

• People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
  • De facto state: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
    • Proposed state:  Transnistria or unification with  Russia
      • Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
        • Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria

 Gagauzia

• People: Gagauz people
  • Proposed State: Gagauz Republic
    • Political organisation: Peoples of Union of Gagauzia

Montenegro

Sandzak

• Ethnic group: Bosniak
  • Proposed: Greater Autonomy
    • Political party: Free Sandzak

Netherlands

Frisia

• People: Frisians, West Frisians
  • Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for West Frisia
    • Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) (Greater autonomy), Groep fan Auwerk

Poland

Silesia

• People: Silesians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Silesia
    • Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement, First Self-Governance League, Silesian Regional Party, Silesians Together

Kashubia and Pomerania

• People: Kashubians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Pomerania
    • Political party: Kashubian Association (Cultural Autonomy)

Masuria

• People: Poles, Masurians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Masuria
    • Political Party: Ruch Autonomii Mazur

Greater Poland

• People: Poles in Greater Poland Voivodeship
  • Proposed autonomous area: Greater Poland
    • Political party: Konfederacja Wielkopolan

Portugal

 Azores

• ethnic group: Azoreans
  • proposed state:  Azores
    • militant organization: Azores Liberation Front

Romania

Transylvania and Banat

• People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat
    • Political party: Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
    • Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa, Provincia, Autonomy for Transylvania Székely-Hungarian National Guard, Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată), League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană)

Székely Land

• People: Székelys
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Székely Land or unification with  Hungary
    • Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993. Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy. Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land. It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.
    • Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council

Partium

• People: Hungarians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Partium or unification with  Hungary
    • Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania

Russia

Secessionist movements:
Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia

• People: Circassians
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Circassia
    • Advocacy groups: International Circassian Association (Adygea), (former member of the UNPO), Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus, Free Nations League

Arkhangelsk Oblast

Bashkortostan

• People: Bashkirs
  • Proposed state: Bashkortostan
  • Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance, Bashkir Company
    • Advocacy groups: Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center, Free Nations League

 Chechnya

• People: Chechens
  • Proposed state: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)
  • Government in exile: Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
    • Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine, Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion, Ichkerian Special Purpose Battalion, Khamzat Gelayev Detachment
    • Advocacy group: Adat People's Movement, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus

Dagestan

• People: Dagestanis
  • Proposed state: Dagestan
    • Militant organization: Imam Shamil Dagestan Battalion
    • Advocacy group: Dagestani National Center, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus

Ingushetia

• People: Ingush
  • Proposed state: Ingushetia
    • Militant organisation: Ingush Liberation Army
    • Advocacy group: Ingush Independence Committee, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus

Kaliningrad Oblast

• People: Russian
  • Proposed state: Baltic Republic/Königsberg
    • Advocacy groups: Kaliningrad Public Movement, Respublika Movement Free Nations League

Republic of Kalmykia

• People: Kalmyks
  • Proposed state: Kalmykia with possible unification with Astrakhan Oblast
    • Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress

 Republic of Karelia

• People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
  • Proposed state: Karelia
    • Militant organisation: Karelian Group
    • Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement

Krasnodar Krai

• People: Cossacks
  • Proposed state: Kuban
    • Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League

Leningrad Oblast

• People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
  • Proposed state:  Ingria or Republic of St. Petersburg
    • Advocacy groups: Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders

Mari El

• People: Mari
  • Proposed federal subject or state: Mari El
    • Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural

Mordovia

• People: Erzyas
  • Proposed state: Erzyan Mastor
    • Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Erzyan Mastor
• People: Mokshas
  • Proposed state: Mokshan state
    • Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Moksha Committee, Free Nations League

North Caucasian Federal District

• People: Peoples of the Caucasus
  • Proposed state: Confederation of the Northern Caucasus, United Caucasia
    • Advocacy groups: Chechen government in exile

Tatarstan

• People: Tatars
  • Proposed state: Tatarstan
  • Government in exile: Tatarstan government in exile
    • Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
      • Advocacy groups: Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural, All-Tatar Public Center, Free Nations League

Rostov Oblast

• People: Cossacks
  • Proposed state: Cossackia, Don Cossack Host
    • Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League

Udmurtia

• People: Udmurts
  • Proposed state: Udmurtia
    • Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural

Volga Federal District

• People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
  • Proposed state: Idel-Ural Republic
    • Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural

Russian-occupied Ukraine

 Republic of Crimea and  Sevastopol

• People: Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
  • De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:  Autonomous Republic of Crimea,  Sevastopol
  • Proposed:  Crimean Tatar independence or autonomy within unitary  Ukraine
    • Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, Yellow Ribbon
    • Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine

 Donetsk People's Republic,  Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)

• People: Ukrainians, Pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
  • De jure entities within Ukraine:  Donetsk Oblast,  Luhansk Oblast
    • Proposed: reunification with  Ukraine
    • Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
    • Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast,

• People: Ukrainians, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars (Kherson Oblast)
  • De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:  Zaporizhzhia Oblast,  Kherson Oblast,  Kharkiv Oblast
    • Proposed: reunification with  Ukraine
    • Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
    • Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine, Berdiansk Partisan Army

Serbia

Secessionist movements

 Kosovo

• People: Albanians in Kosovo
  • De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 52% of UN member states)
    • Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
    • Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo

Autonomist movements

Vojvodina

• Proposal: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia
  • Political parties: League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina, Vojvodina's Party

• People: Hungarians in Serbia
  • Proposal: territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina
    • Political parties: Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians

Sandžak

• People: Bosniaks of Serbia
  • Proposal: territorial autonomy for Bosniaks in Sandžak
    • Political parties: Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Justice and Reconciliation Party

Preševo Valley

• People: Albanians in Serbia
  • Proposal: territorial autonomy for Albanians in the Preševo Valley
    • Political parties: Party for Democratic Action, Albanian Coalition of Preševo Valley

Slovakia

Autonomist movements

Southern Slovakia:

• People: Hungarians
  • Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence, or unification with  Hungary
    • Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community, In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.

Spain

Secessionist movements

Basque Country (autonomous community) and  Navarre

• People: Basques
  • Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria
    • Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Alternatiba
    • Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
    • Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak

 Catalonia

• People: Catalans
  • Proposal state: Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
    • Political parties (independentist): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia (32/135), Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135), supported by other small parties and civil organisations Corròp, Popular Unity Candidacy
    • Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
    • Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
    • Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
    • Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya

Galicia

• People: Galicians
  • Proposed state: Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León)
    • Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (sovereigntist, EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Abrente–Galician Democratic Left, Acción Galega, Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood, Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista
    • Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
    • Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
    • Militant organisation: Resistência Galega

Valencia

• People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
  • Proposed state: Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
    • Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
    • political party (Pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
    • Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.
    • Youth advocacy groups: Arran
    • Student movement: AGIR

 Aragon

• ethnic group: Aragonese people
  • Proposed state:  Aragon
    • political parties (regionalist and Nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista, Puyalón de Cuchas, Aragonese Party, Estado Aragonés
    • political parties (separatist): Puyalón de Cuchas, A Enrestida, Aragonese Workers' Union
    • coalition: Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
    • movement: Independentismo aragonés

 Balearic Islands

• ethnic group: Catalan people
  • proposed: Independence for the  Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries
    • political parties: Balearic Anticolonialist Group, Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
    • political party (pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
    • political parties (regionalist): People's Party of the Balearic Islands

 Andalusia

• ethnic group: Andalusian people
  • proposed state:  Andalusia
    • political parties (regionalist): Adelante Andalucía (2021)
    • political party (separatist): Andalusian Nation
    • political party (self governing): Unitarian Candidacy of Workers

 Asturias

• ethnic group: Asturians
  • proposed state:  Asturias
    • political party (autonomist): Asturias Forum
    • political party (nationalist): Asturian Left, Compromisu por Asturies, Conceyu Abiertu, Partíu Asturianista, Unidá, Bloc for Asturias, Conceyu Abiertu
    • political party (regionalist):Asturian Renewal Union
    • political party (separatist): Andecha Astur

Autonomist movements

Cartagena

• Proposed: extended autonomy for Cartagena within Region of Murcia
  • Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena

León

• People: Leonese
  • Proposed autonomous area: Leonese region
    • Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
    • Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa

Province of Granada

• proposed: Breaking the Province of Granada from Andalusia as a separate autonomous community
  • political party: Juntos por Granada

Sweden

Scania

• People: Swedes
  • Proposed State: Scania
  • Political Party: Scania Party

Switzerland

Autonomist movements

Jura region

• People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
  • Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
    • Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement), Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)

 Ticino

• Ethnic group: Swiss Italians
  • Proposed: extended autonomy for  Ticino
    • Political party: Ticino League

Ukraine

 Autonomous Republic of Crimea and  Sevastopol

• People: Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums
  • Proposed:  Republic of Crimea and  Sevastopol independence or autonomy within unitary  Ukraine, or unification with  Russia (pro-Russian ethnic Russians)
    • Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, State Council of Crimea, Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol

 Donetsk Oblast,  Luhansk Oblast

• People: Russians in Ukraine
  • De facto entity:  Donetsk People's Republic,  Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
    • Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
    • paramilitary organisation: Russian people's militias in Ukraine

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast

• People: Russians in Ukraine
  • De facto states:
    Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast,
    Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast
    Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast
    • Proposed: unification with  Russia
    • Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc (partially)
    • Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces

Carpathian Ruthenia

• People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine, Rusyns
  • Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary  Ukraine or unification with  Hungary
  • Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns", "Opposition Bloc" (partially), "Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations. "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate))

United Kingdom

Major movements

 England

• People: English
  • Proposed state or autonomous region:  England
    • Political parties: English Democrats, English Constitution Party
    • Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament

Northern Ireland

• People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
  • Proposed state: Re-unification with  Ireland or independence
    • Political parties: Sinn Féin, Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú, People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
    • Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA

 Scotland

• People: Scots
  • Proposed state or autonomous region:  Scotland
    • Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alba, Red Party of Scotland, Scotland's Independence Referendum Party, Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)
    • Advocacy groups: Yes Scotland (defunct), Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal

 Wales

• People: Welsh
  • Proposed state or autonomous region:  Wales
    • Political parties: Gwlad, Plaid Cymru, Propel, Plaid Glyndŵr, Wales Green Party, Independent Alliance for Reform
    • Advocacy groups: YesCymru

Minor movements

 Cornwall

• People: Cornish
  • Proposed state or autonomous region:  Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
    • Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament
    • Political parties: Mebyon Kernow, Cornish Nationalist Party, Green Party of England and Wales, Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats
      Communist Party of Britain (Autonomy)

Northern England

• People: Northerners
  • Proposed state:  Northumbria or greater autonomy within the United Kingdom.
    • Advocacy group: Campaign for the North (Devo-Max)
    • Political parties: Northern Independence Party

Midlands

• People: Midlanders
  • Proposed state: Mercia
    • Advocacy groups: Acting Witan of Mercia, Sovereign Mercia

London

• People: Londoners
  • Proposed state: London
    • Political party: Londonpendence Party

Fife

• Ethnic group: Fifer
  • Proposed state: Fife
    • Political party: Fife National Party

Autonomist movements

Canvey Island

• People: Canvey Islanders
  • Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
    • Political Parties: Canvey Island Independent Party

Cynon Valley

• People: Welsh
  • Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
    • Political parties: The Cynon Valley Party

Gwynedd

• People: Welsh
  • Proposed autonomous area: Gwynedd
    • Political parties: Llais Gwynedd

 Isle of Wight

• People: People from the Isle of Wight (Vectians)
  • Proposed autonomous area: Isle of Wight
    • Political parties: Vectis National Party

 Shetland

• People: People of Shetland
  • Proposed autonomous area:  Shetland
    • Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
    • Political Parties: Shetland Movement, Orkney and Shetland Movement, Scottish Green Party

 Yorkshire

• People: People of Yorkshire
  • Proposed autonomous area:  Yorkshire
    • Political parties: Yorkshire Party
    • Advocacy group: Yorkshire Devolution Movement

North East England

• People: People of North East England
  • Proposed autonomous area: North East England
    • Political parties: North East Party

 Wessex

• People: People of Wessex
  • Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
    • Political party: Wessex Regionalists
    • Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention

 Orkney Islands

• People: Orkney islanders
  • Proposed: Autonomy within the United Kingdom or self governance under Norway
    • Advocacy group: Orkney Council
    • Political Parties: Orkney and Shetland Movement

Separatist movements of dependent territories

 Gibraltar

• Ethnic group: Gibraltarians
  • Proposed state:  Gibraltar
    • Political party: Liberal Party of Gibraltar, Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party

 Isle of Man

• Ethnic group: Manx people
  • Proposed state:  Isle of Man
    • Political party: Mec Vannin

See also

• Lists of active separatist movements
• List of historical separatist movements
• Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
• List of micro-regional organizations
• List of states with limited recognition
• Independence referendum

References

External links

• "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2018, retrieved 21 June 2014.
• From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
• Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible